Thursday 29 November 2012

李嘉诚:人最大的悲哀是无聊


 “我14岁那年,一位会看相的同乡对我母亲说:你儿子眼眸无神,骨架瘦弱,未来恐难成大器。他安分守己,终日乾乾,勉强谋生是可以的,但飞黄腾达,怕没有他的福分!”当李嘉诚缓缓走上讲台,台下掌声雷动。面对后辈新学,这位华人最知名的企业家讲起了自己的身世。
  这是长江商学院10周年庆典的现场。虽然凭借着高超的运作手段,长江商学院迅速崛起,跻身世界顶级商学院前列,但是“俱乐部门”、“明星集中营门”亦令其深陷舆论漩涡。此刻,作为“金主”,李嘉诚似乎认为有必要重申企业家的使命感,以为长江商学院提振精神。该院正是由李嘉诚基金会支持而得以兴办。
  李嘉诚接着说:“我妈妈刚刚失去丈夫不久,这番话令她多心酸。妈妈把失望放在一旁,安慰和鼓励我,说:‘阿诚!天命难算,上天一定会厚待善良、努力的人。再艰难,只要一家人相依一起就不错啦。’我当然相信母亲,但我更相信我自己!我请妈妈放心,我内心相信,只有自己双手创造的未来,才是唯一能信任的命运。”
  豪言易出,英雄难觅。彼时的李嘉诚身在战乱、父亲病故、贫穷三重合奏的悲歌中,抬头望天,亦不免忧愁。只是心中的信念如火光照前:建立更好的自己,才能建立更好的未来。
  李嘉诚认为,未来跟明天是两回事,天命和命运是不同的。明天只是新的一天,而未来是自己在一生各种偶然性中,不断选择的结果。“追求自我,努力改善自己是一股正面的驱动力,当你把思维、想象和行动谱成乐章,在科技、人文、商业无限机会中实践自我;知识、责任感和目标融汇成智慧,天命不一定是命运的蓝图。”他说。
  来上长江商学院的人很少有宿命论者。他们多是昂扬进取之士。李嘉诚的话自是说到他们心坎儿上了。前车后辙。他的成功和荣耀亦令众人痴狂。
  不过,李嘉诚话锋一转,问道:“你成功追求自我,前途光明远大,你下一阶段的追求是什么?你的价值取向,你的理想是什么?我们活着又是为了什么?世界上千千万万的人,今天依然活在悲惨、孤寂、贫病的绝望之谷,承担社会的责任,是不是我们的义务?”
  台下默然。在当今中国,追求成功,拼命挣钱,已经不需要鼓励。然而,成功之后的生活却常常令人困扰。不少富豪感到,当钱不成为问题时,生活本身却没有了意义。
  李嘉诚说,“人最大的悲哀是无聊,患上漠不关心的冷淡症,套上自命不凡的枷锁,在专业、行业和权力的高岗上,掌控庞大社会资源和机会,却失去自重心,那些沉醉在过往,滞留在今日,那些对社会问题视而不见、无动于衷的借口大王,一定被社会唾弃和淘汰。”
  他认为,有能力的人,要为人类谋幸福,这是任务。历史中有很多具有创意、有抱负的人和群体,同心合力,在追求无我中,推动社会改革进步。天地之间有一不可衡量、永恒价值的元素,只有具使命感的人才能享有。
  这是3岁小孩都懂的道理,却并非人人做得到。李嘉诚回顾过往,认为无愧于心——那个同乡看不起、瘦弱、无神的少年,一直凭努力和自信建立自我,追求无我。
  他希望,长江商学院的学子不一定做拯救世界的英雄,却一定要“谨守正知、正行、正念,应该可以高声回应社会:我们一生未曾不仁不义、不善不正”。
  这是李嘉诚一贯的想法。多年以前,他是以“赚钱的艺术”的演讲拉开长江商学院的序幕的,却最终以“奉献的艺术”做结。显然,他觉得,“善其身,济天下”的古老情怀该是长江商学院的建院之基。非为如此,不能成就一个更好的人、更好的企业家,也不可能成就一个更好的商学院。
  “我盼望,为下一代建立和守望未来,是每一位长江商学院同学的承诺,让我们一起共勉,同塑更美好的世界,世世代代能在尊严、自由和快乐中,活出我们民族的精彩。”他最后说。

Wednesday 28 November 2012

EPSRC: How to prepare a proposal


      How to prepare a proposal

To apply for funding you need to fill in an application form and prepare some accompanying documentation.

Case for support:

Other attachments:

There is some extra guidance for projects made up of multiple proposals.
Some calls for proposals may have specific requirements - these will be described in the call.

Format

Font size 11 is the minimum font that is acceptable, and the minimum margin in all directions is 2cm. For accessibility purposes, a sans-serif font style such as Arial or Helvetica should be used as these are more easily readable to those with visual impairment. For the same reason, type should be justified only on the left hand side. If your case for support exceeds the page limit, or doesn't adhere to the specified format, your proposal will not be considered. More specific instructions for the format of the case for support may be given in certain funding opportunities and calls for proposals.

Information in the public domain

Please note that if successful, some of the information you submit on the grant application form will be published through Grants on the Web (GoW). Before writing your proposal, we advise you take a look at some example grant records on these webpages so you can see what information would be made available in the public domain. Unfunded applications will not have this information published.

Applicant Guidance on constructing your proposal

Previous Research Track Record

This section (maximum two sides of A4) gives you the opportunity to demonstrate that the team involved in the proposed project has the appropriate mix of skills, expertise and experience to carry out the research. This is particularly important for multi-disciplinary proposals. You should include:
  • a summary of the results and conclusions of the applicants’ recent work in the technological/scientific area which is covered by the research proposal. Include reference to both EPSRC funded work and non-EPSRC funded work.
  • the specific expertise available for the research at the host organisation and that of any associated organisations and beneficiaries.
  • details of relevant past collaborative work with industry and/or with other beneficiaries.
  • details of where the applicants’ previous work has contributed to the UK's competitiveness or to improving the quality of life.

Description of Proposed Research and its Context

This section (maximum six sides of A4) should include:

Background

  • Introduce the topic of research and explain its academic and industrial context.
  • Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of past and current work in the subject area in the UK and abroad.

National Importance

  • Describe the extent to which, over the long term, for example 10-50 years, the research proposed:
    • contributes to, or helps maintain the health of other research disciplines, contributes to addressing key UK societal challenges, contributes to current or future UK economic success and/or enables future development of key emerging industry(s)
    • meets national strategic needs by establishing or maintaining a unique world leading research activity (including areas of niche capability)
    • fits with and complements other UK research already funded in the area  or related areas, including the relationship to the EPSRC portfolio and our stated strategy set out in “Our Portfolio.”
The extent to which applicants are able to address each bullet point will depend on the nature of the research proposed.  Applicants should indicate how their research relates to EPSRC’s research areas and strategies (many projects will be relevant to more than 1 EPSRC research area) and complements EPSRC's current portfolio.  Information on the portfolio is available through the EPSRC's Grants on the Web (GoW).
The definition of National Importance and further details can be found at preparing new proposals to include National Importance.

Academic Impact

Describe how the research will benefit other researchers in the field and in related disciplines, both within the UK and elsewhere. What will be done to ensure that they can benefit?
  • Explain any collaboration with other researchers and their role in the project. For each Visiting Researcher, set out why they are the most appropriate person, and what they will contribute to the project.

Research Hypothesis and Objectives

  • Set out the research idea or hypothesis.
  • Explain why the proposed project is of sufficient timeliness and novelty to warrant consideration for funding.
  • Identify the overall aims of the project and the individual measurable objectives against which you would wish the outcome of the work to be assessed.

Programme and Methodology

  • Detail the methodology to be used in pursuit of the research and justify this choice.
  • Describe the programme of work, indicating the research to be undertaken and the milestones that can be used to measure its progress. The detail should be sufficient to indicate the programme of work for each member of the research team. Explain how the project will be managed.
Note: Lists of references and illustrations should be included in the six page limit and should not be submitted as additional attachments or as an annex.

Writing a good case for support

  • The case for support is your opportunity to convince your peers of  why your proposed research should be funded.
  • A good case is clear, concise and not cluttered with technical jargon. 
  • To ensure effective provision of all required information, while avoiding undue repetition within the limited space available, we recommend the following approach:
    • Impact Summary: Use this section of the Je-S application form to identify who the potential economic and societal beneficiaries might be and how they may benefit should the research objectives be fully achieved.
    • Academic Beneficiaries: Use this section of the Je-S application form to summarise how the research might benefit other researchers in the field, who might benefit in other disciplines and what will be done to ensure they benefit
    • Pathways to Impact: Use this annex to the proposal to describe activities that can be undertaken during the project to accelerate the route to the identified benefits being realised; shortening the time between discovery and use of knowledge. Also identify the additional resources needed to undertake these activities.
    • Case for Support: Include a National Importance section within this document to justify why this proposal warrants support by the UK taxpayer. Describe how the potential benefits align with national priorities, how the research relates to EPSRC’s research areas and strategies, and how it complements other research activity in the field. It is anticipated that this section should not require more than one or two paragraphs for most proposals.
  • What is exciting about the research? Try to convey this to your audience, in particular the reviewers. You need to convince these experts in your own research field about the value of your project.
  • Provide a convincing case for the originality of your proposal and describe your objectives clearly and succinctly. Proposals are not rejected just because others are doing similar work. But if you don't describe the novelty of your approach and the likelihood of success when compared with others, the value of your proposal may be questioned.
  • It's best not to leave it to EPSRC or your peers to ask the questions. Show that you have thought the proposal through and explain how it will succeed. Potential applications might be obvious to you but tell us what they are so we are left in no doubt.

Pathways to Impact (maximum two sides of A4)

In the Impact Summary, you will have described who potential beneficiaries might be, and how the research might impact them. This document is your opportunity to describe what you will actually do to facilitate this. Ideally the Pathways to Impact attachment is specific to users and beneficiaries of the research outside the academic research community, but plans for academic impact may be included where this forms part of the critical pathway towards economic and societal impact.
Detailed guidance on Pathways to Impact is available. In summary, the document should describe the kinds of impact envisaged, how the proposed research project will be managed to engage users and beneficiaries and increase the likelihood of impacts, including (wherever appropriate):
  • Methods for communications and engagement
  • Collaboration and exploitation in the most effective and appropriate manner
  • The project team’s track record in this area
  • The resources required for these activities. Please ensure these are also captured in the financial summary and the Justification of Resources.

Work Plan

The programme of work for the project should be illustrated with a simple diagrammatic work plan, for example, a PERT or Gantt chart.

Justification of Resources

In this document (up to two sides of A4) you should explain why the resources you've requested are required to undertake your research project, including implementing the impact plan. This is to help reviewers to make an informed judgement about whether the resources requested are appropriate for the research proposed.
So that you don't miss anything out, we recommend that you follow the 'cost to the proposal' headings used in the application form. For more information about what to do see how to write a justification of resources.

Curriculum Vitaes

CVs should be submitted as a separate attachment for named research staff or visiting researchers. For visiting researchers include details of previous visits or collaborations with overseas researchers. CVs must not exceed 2 sides of A4 each. You do not need to submit CVs for the principal investigator or any co-investigators.

Statements of Support

Statements of support from all project partners should be included as an attachment. There is no page limit. As part of the assessment of impact, we ask reviewers to comment on whether a collaboration is appropriate. A good statement of support can help by showing that the collaboration is genuine, and by explaining why the project partner supports the project and what they will get out of it.
Statements should be relevant to the project, written by project partners when the proposal is being prepared and dated within six months of the proposal submission date. Standard letters declaring general support are often criticised by reviewers. For more information, see guidance on what makes a good statement of support.

Letters of Support

In exceptional circumstances EPSRC will accept letters of support which do not meet the above requirements for Statements of Support. These will be cases where an organisation can not be listed as a project partner, for example when the host institution wants to detail a proposed contribution to the cost of the equipment.
However, unless there are exceptional reasons why an organisation can not meet the requirements to be a project partner, any supporting documentation should meet the above requirements for statements of support.

Equipment quotes

This information is for all equipment costing more than £10,000 (including VAT).
Equipment costs are now only mandatory for equipment costing the OJEU threshold or more. For equipment costing over £25,000 and below the OJEU threshold, it is optional to provide up to three equipment quotes.
If you are applying for equipment costing the OJEU threshold or more, you need to use EPSRC's Strategic Equipment Process.
For all items of this value, three equipment quotations must be uploaded. Equipment quotations are added within the equipment item screen, not within the attachments section. Having added the details for your item press “Save” which will then provide a link to add the attachments. Where you believe that there are less than three potential suppliers for an item you should explain this in the Justification of Resources attachment.

Technical Assessments for Facility Use

If you are planning to use a major facility as part of the proposed research, such as those funded centrally by EPSRC or a European facility, you'll  be asked to provide a technical assessment from the service provider. You should contact the facility before applying to EPSRC to check if your proposed research is feasible and obtain a technical assessment if necessary. If a technical assessment is not necessary, then you will need to upload a blank document.

Host Organisation Statements (for First Grants Only)

If you're applying through the First Grant scheme you should attach a statement from your host university, typically from your head of department. The statement should describe the commitment the university is making to the development of your research career, and confirm your appointment details and period of probation if relevant. There's no page limit. For more information see host organisation statement for first grants.

Choosing reviewers

We will approach at least one of the reviewers that you nominate. Please suggest people who are experts in the research field and/or able to judge the value of the research to people who might use its results.
It's important that we avoid any conflicts between personal interests and EPSRC's interests. You should not suggest reviewers that you have had a close working relationship with in the past (for example, your PhD supervisor), current or proposed project partners, anyone from your own organisation, or anyone with financial or personal connections with the organisations involved in the proposal. Please avoid suggesting more than one reviewer from the same organisation.

Contact us

Our portfolio managers are happy to discuss proposals before submission. We particularly encourage discussion of proposals with a complex management structure, those involving large consortia, or those consisting of more than one research theme.
Search EPSRC staff contacts

Tuesday 27 November 2012

Build a CMS in an Afternoon with PHP and MySQL


Build a CMS in an Afternoon with PHP and MySQL


php:hash_update  http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.hash.php

Where are you living now?


Where are you living now?




Thursday 22 November 2012

搞好“三农”服务 解决农村金融难题


农村金融服务是世界性难题,尤其是在我们这样一个发展中大国,人多、地少、农地经营规模狭小、发展不平衡,搞好“三农”金融服务,更为艰巨,也更有挑战性。党的十六大以来,农业银行始终致力于加强和改善“三农”金融服务,特别是近五年来,农业银行按照党中央要求,不断摸索,初步走出了一条面向“三农”和商业运作有机结合的新路子。截至2012年9月,农行涉农贷款余额1. 85万亿,比年初增加1900余亿,增速11.42%,高于农业银行全行贷款增速1. 32个百分点,比2007年增长了123%。
  为广大农民增收致富提供金融支持
  因农民居住分散,风险承受能力较弱且缺乏有效抵押物,长期以来,农民既难以从金融机构获取贷款,也难以享受便利的现代金融服务。为有效解决这一难题,农行专门推出了集储蓄、汇兑结算和小额贷款等多种功能于一体的“金穗惠农卡”和以电子服务渠道建设为主要内容的农村金融服务网络建设“惠农通”工程。截至2012年9月,农行已累计发放惠农卡1.22亿张,覆盖全国1亿余农户,覆盖率超过40%;发放农户小额贷款1051亿元,全行全口径农户贷款余额近4000亿元。同时,设立金穗“惠农通”工程服务点54.3万个,设立助农取款服务点23.6万个,布放电子机具107万台,电子机具对全国乡镇、行政村的覆盖率分别达77%、52%。依托金穗“惠农通”工程,在1043个县代理新农保、688个县代理新农合项目(合计占全国有农业人口县市区旗的50%),代理粮食直补、家电下乡补贴、农村低保等惠农项目417个,累计归集资金1402亿元、发放1076亿元,做到了“卡到户、机到村、钱到账”,让农民“足不出村”就可以享受到便捷的基础金融服务。
  积极支持现代农业发展
  农业银行积极发挥农村金融骨干和支柱作用,持续加大对农田水利等基础设施建设、农业产业化发展和农业科技进步的金融支持力度。在农田水利方面,农业银行以支持大型水利项目、江河治理、小型农田水利和新型节水高效农业等重点领域,不断加大信贷投入,截至2012年9月末,农业银行农田水利建设贷款余额达700余亿元。在农业产业化方面,农业银行以产业化龙头企业为重点,授信2300余亿元支持龙头企业扩大生产和升级技术,用信余额达1600余亿元;农行金融服务对国家级、省级农业产业化龙头企业的服务覆盖分别达到918家、4602家,覆盖率分别达73.2%和52.2%。在农业科技方面,农业银行通过加大产品服务创新力度,大力支持农业科技创新与发展,截至2012年9月末,农业银行已为全国244户农业科技企业提供信贷支持,授信总额97.49亿元,贷款余额68.12亿元;已与全部65家国家级农业科技园区建立合作关系,农业银行支持的国家农业科技园区入驻龙头企业超过4500家,推广应用新技术超过5400项、新品种超过8000个。
  大力支持城乡一体化发展
  在支持城镇化方面,适应农村城镇化大趋势,农业银行大力实施“千百工程”,在全国重点支持千家国家级农业产业化龙头企业、500个县(市)城镇化建设、千所优质县级综合医院、百个国家级农业科技园区等,并创新农村城镇化贷款等产品,大力支持小城镇基础设施建设和农民进城。截至2012年9月末,农行农村城镇化金融服务覆盖了全国50%以上的县域,贷款余额5120亿元,比2009年增长了120%。农行北京分行创新“城乡一体化综合贷款”,推动首都城中村改造建设,已累计向17个重点村发放贷款逾180亿元。在支持新农村建设方面,农业银行围绕农村基础设施和民生工程等领域的金融需求,以农村电网、道路、住房、环境建设等为重点,积极加大信贷投放,目前,农行农村基础设施贷款余额2500多亿元。福建分行开办了新农村住房建设项目贷款和新农村个人住房贷款等产品,贷款余额约70亿元。
  加强和完善服务“三农”的体制机制保障
  为确保有专门的机构、专门的人员、专门的资源专心致志服务“三农”,农业银行对“三农”和县域业务实行事业部制的管理模式。在事业部内部实行“六个单独”的运行机制,即单独的资本管理、单独的信贷政策、单独的会计核算、单独的风险拨备、单独的资金平衡、单独的考评激励等,在相关业务资源配置上向“三农”倾斜。目前,事业部改革各项工作取得了重要进展,事业部组织体系和治理机制日趋成熟,条线化的管理关系不断理顺,“六个单独”的运营机制也逐步健全。总体看,事业部改革积极效应初步显现,县域发展资源保障进一步增强。

排水和生活污水处理


国外大城市如何排水
  东京:建世界最先进排水系统
  日本是个台风多发国家,台风季节首都圈地区也经常降暴雨,但东京却很少出现内涝。首先,东京设有先进的降雨信息系统来预测和统计各种降雨数据,再进行各地的排水调度。其次,暴雨后东京路上不积水得益于人工建造的“川”。类似壕沟的“川”密布东京都,排涝作用非常大,所有细小水道都通往“川”,再通过比“川”更深更宽的地下水道通入东京湾进海。
  此外,东京投资2400亿日元(约合人民币200亿元),耗时14年(1992年—2006年)建成了堪称世界上最先进的下水道排水系统——首都圈外围排水道,整个排水系统的排水标准是“五至十年一遇”,全长6.3公里,包含5根直径30米、深60米用管道联通的竖井和1个调压水槽,系统总储水量达67万立方米。
  伦敦:河流下方建排水隧道
  英国首都伦敦的排水系统建于19世纪中期维多利亚时代,距今超过150年历史。1865年,伦敦共修建了超过20000公里的排水工程,构成了伦敦排水系统的基础。
  2007年,伦敦政府投入17亿英镑实施“泰晤士隧道”方案,即在泰晤士河下方建设一条长35公里、最深处达75米的“深层排水隧道”。隧道将连接34条位于“污染最严重”地带的下水道,有效阻止未经处理的污水在降雨的时候流入泰晤士河。
  2011年,伦敦泰晤士河水务公司又投资36亿英镑修建一条近40公里长的超级污水排水沟,据称能有效吸纳污水,并能解决泰晤士河100年的污染问题。
  巴黎:排水系统复杂多样
  突如其来的暴雨是对城市排水系统的重大考验。经过100多年的发展,法国巴黎的地下排水系统总长近2400公里,成为世界上排水系统最为复杂的城市之一。
  巴黎的排水系统总体上分为5级排水管道,从下水道到主渠道可供维修人员进入检查、维修、排污。维护人员可持终端设备到现场进行维护,每年至少两次。近年来,巴黎市还兴建了3条地下蓄水隧道和8个蓄水池,蓄水能力达到80多万立方米,从而缓解暴雨来袭时城市排水的压力。
  柏林:推行“雨水费”制度
  从1873年兴建第一条下水道开始,德国柏林至今已建成总长9300公里的下水道系统,其75%的下水道采用雨水和污水分别处理的独立排水系统。
  柏林在全国较早实施了“雨水费”制度。无论是私人房屋还是工厂企业,直接向下水道排放雨水必须按房屋的不渗水面积,交纳每平方米1.84欧元的费用,采取雨水处理措施的用户可获得减免优惠。柏林市中心的波茨坦广场,19栋高层办公楼的屋顶雨水都被收集起来,储存在五个地下水库,每年储水量可达2.3万立方米。
  鹿特丹:水广场一举三得
  欧洲最大的海港城、荷兰第二大城市鹿特丹的海拔低于海平面,却鲜有“水漫金山”式的泽国景象,这得益于其完善的排水系统。为了从源头上对降雨进行分流和吸收,该城铺设了透水性能好的砖块,并根据一定坡度向周围绿地透水。实施多年的“屋顶绿化计划”更是让屋顶发挥“吸水海绵”的作用,减缓雨水进入地表的速度。该城正计划新建“水广场”。水广场顺地势而建,由水池和沟槽组成,相连形成一个巨大的可循环网络。水广场大部分时间是干燥的,供民众休闲娱乐。下小雨时,沟槽中的水会流至水池,形成天然水景,遇到暴雨时即刻变身为高效的防涝系统。

英国污水治理经验:污水处理 循环利用
英国在污水治理方面走过先污染,后治理的道路。19世纪中期,英国开始改变直接向河流排放废水的做法。1864年在伦敦城内由西向东沿泰晤士河各修了一条巨大的下水道,把废水引到泰晤士河入海口处排放,让海潮带走废水。目前仅泰晤士河沿岸9018个排放点皆获得了排放许可证,英国环境署根据每个排放点水流稀释程度和污水流入密度不同,为每一个排放点量身制定了特定的水质排放标准。
    1973年,英国根据当年通过的《水资源法》设立了10个公立水业管理局,负责制定水资源法规、管理水资源利用、提供清洁饮水、处理污水、保护水体。1989年通过的新版《水资源法》拉开了英国水业私有化序幕,实现管理和经营分家:组建国家河流管理局,负责水资源管理、污染控制、防洪、渔业、航运、环保等;在英格兰和威尔士成立了10家水业集团,不仅负责提供清洁饮水,还负责处理污水,这10家集团都是上市公司,其下水道总长35万公里,每天的废水流量为1000万吨。2003年,通过最新修订的《水资源法》,该法对污水处理标准的规定更加严格。
    英国主管污水处理的政府部门是环境、食物和农村事务部,具体负责监管水业公司污水排放情况、记录水污染事件等。采取执法行动的部门是环境署,而水业领域的行业协会是英国水业协会。目前英国共有12家水业集团,还有13家只提供清洁饮水,不处理污水的小型自来水公司,这13家自来水公司的供水量占全国供水量的四分之一。英国水业每天给市民提供160亿升清洁饮水,处理污水100亿升。

    英国法律规定,工业废水由企业自行处理,在达到规定排放标准后才能排入河流。没有能力自行处理废水的企业可将废水排入污水处理厂集中处理,但要交纳排污费。英国的生活污水由水业集团负责处理,居民缴纳的水费包括清洁自来水使用费,以及相等水量的污水处理费。英国水业管理局预测,2007—2008年度,英国户均水费支出为312英镑,其中清洁自来水使用费150英镑,污水处理费162英镑。
    位居英国12大水业集团之首的泰晤士水业集团,是全球第三大水业公司,下属有三大污水处理厂,负责处理1300万人的生活污水以及大量工业废水,共有污水处理点349个,下水管道总长67000公里,有2478个加压站。其中贝克顿污水处理厂是英国乃至欧洲最大的污水处理厂,每天处理伦敦340万人的生活污水,每小时处理的污水量可灌满34个奥运会标准游泳池,其年度淤泥沼气发电量能满足7000多个家庭一年的用电需求,是大伦敦地区最大的绿色能源生产者。
    贝克顿污水处理厂的污水处理流程大致是这样的:首先是对流入的污水进行固液体分离,先分离出大宗固体,再通过下水管道中的细网过滤出小型固体,这些固体物经过处理后被送往垃圾填埋场;其次,经过第一个沉淀池,分离出污水中的砂砾,质量较重的沙子、尘土、碎石等物质则沉入沉淀池底部,被送往垃圾填埋场或用于修筑公路的路基;再次,经过第二个沉淀池,分离出污水中的淤泥,有专门的淤泥处理车间,提高淤泥稠度,将其加热至35摄氏度,并在淤泥池发酵12到14天,细菌将分解淤泥,使其成分更稳定,淤泥池产生的沼气可用来发电,经过无害处理的淤泥最后以固体形式提供给农民做肥料;然后经过加氧池,通过提高氧气浓度促进细菌繁殖,从而消化污水中的有害物质;最后,来到第三个沉淀池,污水中尚存的沉积物沉入池底,这些沉积物再次被送回加氧池,从第三个沉淀池流出的污水基本接近河流水质,达到排放标准。
    值得一提的是,英国有专门法规来规范污水处理过程中产生的淤泥的再利用。以前淤泥的主要去向是大部分撒入农田,小部分倒入大海,但英国《城市污水处理条例》规定,从1998年底开始,禁止向大海倾倒淤泥,于是淤泥基本上作为肥料撒入农田,而人口密度大的地区也会焚烧或通过厌氧微生物的分解方法来获得能源或减少淤泥体积。1989年通过的《淤泥法规》对撒入农田的淤泥做出具体规定。行业自律性质的《安全淤泥法则》规定,淤泥只能用于某些特定的农作物和蔬菜地。
    水业公司投资巨大,尤其是污水处理标准的提高给水业资金需求带来巨大压力。英国水业在1980年到2010年间的投入预计将高达880亿英镑,仅水费收入是不够的,水业公司需要像房屋按揭一样的长期贷款,才能分摊投资成本。
    自1990年以来,英格兰和威尔士水业每年需要10亿英镑外部投资,到2006年3月英格兰和威尔士水业的外部投资已高达235亿英镑。自1989年英国水业私有化以来,泰晤士水业集团已投入10亿英镑处理污水,取得较好成效。2000年以来,该集团的废水排放水质达标率一直保持在99%以上。集团计划在未来9年里再投入4亿英镑,履行企业社会责任,治理包括贝克顿在内的三大污水处理厂,增强污水处理能力,提高污水处理质量,减少向河流排污。 

中投欲投资新西兰恒天然旗下基金

中投欲投资新西兰恒天然旗下基金
投资范围涉及全世界各个领域的大型投资公司中国投资有限责任公司正在与世界乳业巨头新西兰恒天然集团进行谈判,意欲对恒天然旗下的一只股权基金进行投资。

  此前,作为全球最大的乳制品出口企业,恒天然集团对外部投资者提供了一个“可购买该集团无投票权业务”的股权基金,投资者将可由此获得由盈利增长所带来的股息及收益。

  恒天然集团对此消息作出书面回应。恒天然称,这一基金吸引了来自新西兰、澳大利亚以及欧洲、亚洲各国众多投资者。

  声明称,目前,该公司正在对此进行综合评估,并向其中部分投资者发出“邀约”,要求他们提出希望收购的股权基金的分数和价格范围。这一过程会全程保密,在谈判全部完成前,恒天然不会对外透露任何有关投资公司和投资人的任何信息。

  恒天然集团是一家合作社性质的公司,由大约10500名农民股东所有,是新西兰最大的公司,占新西兰出口总额的25%,出口约85%的新西兰牛奶。恒天然集团是全球最大的乳制品出口商,占全球乳品贸易的1/3。有业内人士表示,预计恒天然集团创建的这只基金初始规模在4.1亿美元左右,并且规定不允许任何一个投资者单独持有该基金超过15%的份额。

  新西兰一名基金经理认为,中投公司的投资意向极有可能获得恒天然方面的许可。

  中投公司拥有黑石集团9.4%的股权,并持有知名金融投资公司摩根士丹利 9.9%的股份。11月1日,中投公司购得了10%的希思罗机场的股份。今年1月,该公司还成功收购了英国供水及污水处理公司泰晤博士水务的8.68%的股权。(财经国家新闻网)

Water UK, when China can have such an organisation?

Water UK represents all major UK water and wastewater service suppliers at national and European level. We provide a positive framework for the water industry to engage with government, regulators, stakeholder organisations and the public. 
Water UK is funded directly by its members. We develop policy and agree action through the Water UK Council, on which every member has a seat. 

一个有用的信息网站 三废处理技术网:http://www.nosea.net/

Septic tanks can be used in domestic situations to provide effective sewage treatment. The Balmoral CAP (illustrated) is a biological aeration type treatment plant designed to produce a moderate quality of final effluent in addition to overcoming several of the common problems associated with smaller domestic sewage treatment units.



septic  adj caused by or causing infection with harmful bacteria 由病菌引起或感染的; 脓毒性的: a septic wound 染毒创伤 * A dirty cut may become septic, ie affected by bacteria. 伤口不洁可受感染. 

septic `tank tank into which sewage flows and where it remains until the action of bacteria makes it liquid enough to drain away 化粪池.

aeration 
(名) 通风, 通气; 吹风; 充气; 曝气
effluent [U, C] (discharge of) liquid waste matter, sewage, etc, eg from a factory into a river 废液﹑ 污水等(的排放)(如从工厂排到河流): The effluent from the factory makes the river unsafe for swimming. 工厂放出的废水把这条河弄得不能游泳了. 
chamber 室, 枪膛, 房间
crude / kru:d; krud/ adj (-r, -st
[usu attrib 通常作定语] in the natural state; unrefined 天然的; 未提炼的: crude oil, sugar, ore, etc 原油﹑ 粗糖﹑ 原矿. 
(a) not well finished; not completely worked out; rough 粗陋的; 未完成的; 粗糙的: a crude sketch, method, approximation 粗略的草图﹑ 方法﹑ 估计 * His paintings are rather crude, ie not skilfully done. 他画的画还不够成熟. * I made my own crude garden furniture. 我给我那园子做了一套简陋的家具. (b) not showing taste or refinement; coarse 粗俗的; 粗鲁的: crude manners 粗鲁的举止 * He made some crude (ie sexually offensive) jokes. 他说了一些粗俗的(淫秽的)笑话.
> crudely adv: crudely assembled 粗略地汇集起来的 * express oneself crudely 粗略地说说自己的看法.

crudity / 5kru:dItI; `krudEtI/ n [U] 
1 state or quality of being crude (2a) 粗陋; 粗糙; 欠成熟: the crudity of his drawing 他画的画不够成熟. 
2 crude(2b) behaviour, remarks, etc 粗俗或粗鲁的行为﹑ 词语等: I'd never met such crudity before. 我从未见过这样粗鲁的行径. 

mit-ros-pkg and MIT Kinect Demos

http://www.ros.org/wiki/mit-ros-pkg/KinectDemos

This page describes how to set up your system to run the kinect demos found in the mit-ros-pkg repository

mit-ros-pkg developed by students, staff and professors at MIT