Thursday, 22 November 2012

排水和生活污水处理


国外大城市如何排水
  东京:建世界最先进排水系统
  日本是个台风多发国家,台风季节首都圈地区也经常降暴雨,但东京却很少出现内涝。首先,东京设有先进的降雨信息系统来预测和统计各种降雨数据,再进行各地的排水调度。其次,暴雨后东京路上不积水得益于人工建造的“川”。类似壕沟的“川”密布东京都,排涝作用非常大,所有细小水道都通往“川”,再通过比“川”更深更宽的地下水道通入东京湾进海。
  此外,东京投资2400亿日元(约合人民币200亿元),耗时14年(1992年—2006年)建成了堪称世界上最先进的下水道排水系统——首都圈外围排水道,整个排水系统的排水标准是“五至十年一遇”,全长6.3公里,包含5根直径30米、深60米用管道联通的竖井和1个调压水槽,系统总储水量达67万立方米。
  伦敦:河流下方建排水隧道
  英国首都伦敦的排水系统建于19世纪中期维多利亚时代,距今超过150年历史。1865年,伦敦共修建了超过20000公里的排水工程,构成了伦敦排水系统的基础。
  2007年,伦敦政府投入17亿英镑实施“泰晤士隧道”方案,即在泰晤士河下方建设一条长35公里、最深处达75米的“深层排水隧道”。隧道将连接34条位于“污染最严重”地带的下水道,有效阻止未经处理的污水在降雨的时候流入泰晤士河。
  2011年,伦敦泰晤士河水务公司又投资36亿英镑修建一条近40公里长的超级污水排水沟,据称能有效吸纳污水,并能解决泰晤士河100年的污染问题。
  巴黎:排水系统复杂多样
  突如其来的暴雨是对城市排水系统的重大考验。经过100多年的发展,法国巴黎的地下排水系统总长近2400公里,成为世界上排水系统最为复杂的城市之一。
  巴黎的排水系统总体上分为5级排水管道,从下水道到主渠道可供维修人员进入检查、维修、排污。维护人员可持终端设备到现场进行维护,每年至少两次。近年来,巴黎市还兴建了3条地下蓄水隧道和8个蓄水池,蓄水能力达到80多万立方米,从而缓解暴雨来袭时城市排水的压力。
  柏林:推行“雨水费”制度
  从1873年兴建第一条下水道开始,德国柏林至今已建成总长9300公里的下水道系统,其75%的下水道采用雨水和污水分别处理的独立排水系统。
  柏林在全国较早实施了“雨水费”制度。无论是私人房屋还是工厂企业,直接向下水道排放雨水必须按房屋的不渗水面积,交纳每平方米1.84欧元的费用,采取雨水处理措施的用户可获得减免优惠。柏林市中心的波茨坦广场,19栋高层办公楼的屋顶雨水都被收集起来,储存在五个地下水库,每年储水量可达2.3万立方米。
  鹿特丹:水广场一举三得
  欧洲最大的海港城、荷兰第二大城市鹿特丹的海拔低于海平面,却鲜有“水漫金山”式的泽国景象,这得益于其完善的排水系统。为了从源头上对降雨进行分流和吸收,该城铺设了透水性能好的砖块,并根据一定坡度向周围绿地透水。实施多年的“屋顶绿化计划”更是让屋顶发挥“吸水海绵”的作用,减缓雨水进入地表的速度。该城正计划新建“水广场”。水广场顺地势而建,由水池和沟槽组成,相连形成一个巨大的可循环网络。水广场大部分时间是干燥的,供民众休闲娱乐。下小雨时,沟槽中的水会流至水池,形成天然水景,遇到暴雨时即刻变身为高效的防涝系统。

英国污水治理经验:污水处理 循环利用
英国在污水治理方面走过先污染,后治理的道路。19世纪中期,英国开始改变直接向河流排放废水的做法。1864年在伦敦城内由西向东沿泰晤士河各修了一条巨大的下水道,把废水引到泰晤士河入海口处排放,让海潮带走废水。目前仅泰晤士河沿岸9018个排放点皆获得了排放许可证,英国环境署根据每个排放点水流稀释程度和污水流入密度不同,为每一个排放点量身制定了特定的水质排放标准。
    1973年,英国根据当年通过的《水资源法》设立了10个公立水业管理局,负责制定水资源法规、管理水资源利用、提供清洁饮水、处理污水、保护水体。1989年通过的新版《水资源法》拉开了英国水业私有化序幕,实现管理和经营分家:组建国家河流管理局,负责水资源管理、污染控制、防洪、渔业、航运、环保等;在英格兰和威尔士成立了10家水业集团,不仅负责提供清洁饮水,还负责处理污水,这10家集团都是上市公司,其下水道总长35万公里,每天的废水流量为1000万吨。2003年,通过最新修订的《水资源法》,该法对污水处理标准的规定更加严格。
    英国主管污水处理的政府部门是环境、食物和农村事务部,具体负责监管水业公司污水排放情况、记录水污染事件等。采取执法行动的部门是环境署,而水业领域的行业协会是英国水业协会。目前英国共有12家水业集团,还有13家只提供清洁饮水,不处理污水的小型自来水公司,这13家自来水公司的供水量占全国供水量的四分之一。英国水业每天给市民提供160亿升清洁饮水,处理污水100亿升。

    英国法律规定,工业废水由企业自行处理,在达到规定排放标准后才能排入河流。没有能力自行处理废水的企业可将废水排入污水处理厂集中处理,但要交纳排污费。英国的生活污水由水业集团负责处理,居民缴纳的水费包括清洁自来水使用费,以及相等水量的污水处理费。英国水业管理局预测,2007—2008年度,英国户均水费支出为312英镑,其中清洁自来水使用费150英镑,污水处理费162英镑。
    位居英国12大水业集团之首的泰晤士水业集团,是全球第三大水业公司,下属有三大污水处理厂,负责处理1300万人的生活污水以及大量工业废水,共有污水处理点349个,下水管道总长67000公里,有2478个加压站。其中贝克顿污水处理厂是英国乃至欧洲最大的污水处理厂,每天处理伦敦340万人的生活污水,每小时处理的污水量可灌满34个奥运会标准游泳池,其年度淤泥沼气发电量能满足7000多个家庭一年的用电需求,是大伦敦地区最大的绿色能源生产者。
    贝克顿污水处理厂的污水处理流程大致是这样的:首先是对流入的污水进行固液体分离,先分离出大宗固体,再通过下水管道中的细网过滤出小型固体,这些固体物经过处理后被送往垃圾填埋场;其次,经过第一个沉淀池,分离出污水中的砂砾,质量较重的沙子、尘土、碎石等物质则沉入沉淀池底部,被送往垃圾填埋场或用于修筑公路的路基;再次,经过第二个沉淀池,分离出污水中的淤泥,有专门的淤泥处理车间,提高淤泥稠度,将其加热至35摄氏度,并在淤泥池发酵12到14天,细菌将分解淤泥,使其成分更稳定,淤泥池产生的沼气可用来发电,经过无害处理的淤泥最后以固体形式提供给农民做肥料;然后经过加氧池,通过提高氧气浓度促进细菌繁殖,从而消化污水中的有害物质;最后,来到第三个沉淀池,污水中尚存的沉积物沉入池底,这些沉积物再次被送回加氧池,从第三个沉淀池流出的污水基本接近河流水质,达到排放标准。
    值得一提的是,英国有专门法规来规范污水处理过程中产生的淤泥的再利用。以前淤泥的主要去向是大部分撒入农田,小部分倒入大海,但英国《城市污水处理条例》规定,从1998年底开始,禁止向大海倾倒淤泥,于是淤泥基本上作为肥料撒入农田,而人口密度大的地区也会焚烧或通过厌氧微生物的分解方法来获得能源或减少淤泥体积。1989年通过的《淤泥法规》对撒入农田的淤泥做出具体规定。行业自律性质的《安全淤泥法则》规定,淤泥只能用于某些特定的农作物和蔬菜地。
    水业公司投资巨大,尤其是污水处理标准的提高给水业资金需求带来巨大压力。英国水业在1980年到2010年间的投入预计将高达880亿英镑,仅水费收入是不够的,水业公司需要像房屋按揭一样的长期贷款,才能分摊投资成本。
    自1990年以来,英格兰和威尔士水业每年需要10亿英镑外部投资,到2006年3月英格兰和威尔士水业的外部投资已高达235亿英镑。自1989年英国水业私有化以来,泰晤士水业集团已投入10亿英镑处理污水,取得较好成效。2000年以来,该集团的废水排放水质达标率一直保持在99%以上。集团计划在未来9年里再投入4亿英镑,履行企业社会责任,治理包括贝克顿在内的三大污水处理厂,增强污水处理能力,提高污水处理质量,减少向河流排污。 

中投欲投资新西兰恒天然旗下基金

中投欲投资新西兰恒天然旗下基金
投资范围涉及全世界各个领域的大型投资公司中国投资有限责任公司正在与世界乳业巨头新西兰恒天然集团进行谈判,意欲对恒天然旗下的一只股权基金进行投资。

  此前,作为全球最大的乳制品出口企业,恒天然集团对外部投资者提供了一个“可购买该集团无投票权业务”的股权基金,投资者将可由此获得由盈利增长所带来的股息及收益。

  恒天然集团对此消息作出书面回应。恒天然称,这一基金吸引了来自新西兰、澳大利亚以及欧洲、亚洲各国众多投资者。

  声明称,目前,该公司正在对此进行综合评估,并向其中部分投资者发出“邀约”,要求他们提出希望收购的股权基金的分数和价格范围。这一过程会全程保密,在谈判全部完成前,恒天然不会对外透露任何有关投资公司和投资人的任何信息。

  恒天然集团是一家合作社性质的公司,由大约10500名农民股东所有,是新西兰最大的公司,占新西兰出口总额的25%,出口约85%的新西兰牛奶。恒天然集团是全球最大的乳制品出口商,占全球乳品贸易的1/3。有业内人士表示,预计恒天然集团创建的这只基金初始规模在4.1亿美元左右,并且规定不允许任何一个投资者单独持有该基金超过15%的份额。

  新西兰一名基金经理认为,中投公司的投资意向极有可能获得恒天然方面的许可。

  中投公司拥有黑石集团9.4%的股权,并持有知名金融投资公司摩根士丹利 9.9%的股份。11月1日,中投公司购得了10%的希思罗机场的股份。今年1月,该公司还成功收购了英国供水及污水处理公司泰晤博士水务的8.68%的股权。(财经国家新闻网)

Water UK, when China can have such an organisation?

Water UK represents all major UK water and wastewater service suppliers at national and European level. We provide a positive framework for the water industry to engage with government, regulators, stakeholder organisations and the public. 
Water UK is funded directly by its members. We develop policy and agree action through the Water UK Council, on which every member has a seat. 

一个有用的信息网站 三废处理技术网:http://www.nosea.net/

Septic tanks can be used in domestic situations to provide effective sewage treatment. The Balmoral CAP (illustrated) is a biological aeration type treatment plant designed to produce a moderate quality of final effluent in addition to overcoming several of the common problems associated with smaller domestic sewage treatment units.



septic  adj caused by or causing infection with harmful bacteria 由病菌引起或感染的; 脓毒性的: a septic wound 染毒创伤 * A dirty cut may become septic, ie affected by bacteria. 伤口不洁可受感染. 

septic `tank tank into which sewage flows and where it remains until the action of bacteria makes it liquid enough to drain away 化粪池.

aeration 
(名) 通风, 通气; 吹风; 充气; 曝气
effluent [U, C] (discharge of) liquid waste matter, sewage, etc, eg from a factory into a river 废液﹑ 污水等(的排放)(如从工厂排到河流): The effluent from the factory makes the river unsafe for swimming. 工厂放出的废水把这条河弄得不能游泳了. 
chamber 室, 枪膛, 房间
crude / kru:d; krud/ adj (-r, -st
[usu attrib 通常作定语] in the natural state; unrefined 天然的; 未提炼的: crude oil, sugar, ore, etc 原油﹑ 粗糖﹑ 原矿. 
(a) not well finished; not completely worked out; rough 粗陋的; 未完成的; 粗糙的: a crude sketch, method, approximation 粗略的草图﹑ 方法﹑ 估计 * His paintings are rather crude, ie not skilfully done. 他画的画还不够成熟. * I made my own crude garden furniture. 我给我那园子做了一套简陋的家具. (b) not showing taste or refinement; coarse 粗俗的; 粗鲁的: crude manners 粗鲁的举止 * He made some crude (ie sexually offensive) jokes. 他说了一些粗俗的(淫秽的)笑话.
> crudely adv: crudely assembled 粗略地汇集起来的 * express oneself crudely 粗略地说说自己的看法.

crudity / 5kru:dItI; `krudEtI/ n [U] 
1 state or quality of being crude (2a) 粗陋; 粗糙; 欠成熟: the crudity of his drawing 他画的画不够成熟. 
2 crude(2b) behaviour, remarks, etc 粗俗或粗鲁的行为﹑ 词语等: I'd never met such crudity before. 我从未见过这样粗鲁的行径. 

mit-ros-pkg and MIT Kinect Demos

http://www.ros.org/wiki/mit-ros-pkg/KinectDemos

This page describes how to set up your system to run the kinect demos found in the mit-ros-pkg repository

mit-ros-pkg developed by students, staff and professors at MIT

Thursday, 5 May 2011

Top tips for finding a new job

This is from BBC the link is bellow:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/9455886.stm
here is the printable version (only for my personal use)


Deborah Meaden's top tips for finding a new job
As savings are made in the public sector, thousands of employees will be looking for new jobs this year. The government hopes the private sector can pick up the slack, but are former public sector workers equipped for change?
Dragons' Den investor and successful entrepreneur Deborah Meaden, one of four business mentors helping public sector workers facing redundancy in Newsnight's Job Market Mentors, gives her top tips on making the transition. DON'T DELAY


Often when faced with something pretty traumatic like losing your job, people have a tendency to bury their heads in the sand.
Don't. Doing so is bad for you, and it sends a bad message to any potential employers.
If you know you are going to lose your job then be proactive and start to plan before it even happens.
If it has just happened then get moving now.

TAILOR YOUR EFFORTS
Your CV needs more than just a brush-up. It needs to be completely re-worked and then carefully tailored for each and every job that you go for.
If you send the same CV out for 10 different jobs, nine times out of 10 you will be sending the wrong CV.
Employers in the private sector often have pre-conceptions about people from the public sector - that they are risk averse, that they want long holidays and short hours - you need to be able to dispel all of those pre-conceptions.
Realise that you are in a new environment now and make sure that your CV works for that new environment.
Don't just dwell on what you have done, but really think "how do I fit that job?" then tinker with your CV to show that you do.
Stop thinking in terms of what you do and fixating on the job that you have had. Start thinking instead about the transferable skills it takes to do that job. I could take anyone who has had a job and apply at least 75% of the skills that they have acquired in it and use them in another role.

BE FLEXIBLE
Get used to the idea that the first step you take into the private sector may not be perfect.
You may not get your ideal job straight away, it may be the second job or even the third that fits best, but you have to take that first step and get going.
And take that step with enthusiasm - private sector employers are waiting for that hangdog public sector attitude that some think exists, that lack of enthusiasm, and you need to show that's not you.
I would rather get out there and be working, even if it is not in the best job in the world, than be sitting at home doing nothing.
Even if what you are doing isn't the perfect job it can still be a very good thing. Because not working for a long period can be dangerous.
It is very, very easy to get out of the habit of working, and if you have long breaks between jobs on your CV it sends a bad message to prospective employers.

GET TALKING
Talk to people. Lots of jobs and business opportunities come out of conversation.
People in this country often find it very difficult to say "I'm good at that", but so long as you don't say it with arrogance, and aren't afraid to also admit when you aren't so good at something there is nothing wrong with it.
So think about what you are good at and talk to people, network as much as possible, keep your radar switched on and bring out ideas and plans through conversation.
ATTITUDE MATTERS MORE THAN AGE
If you've been working in the same job for a long time it could suggest to a private sector employer that you have chosen to stay in a safe environment and are perhaps starting to wind your career down.
You need to be sensitive to that and ensure that instead of fuelling that notion, you eradicate it. Be enthusiastic and passionate. It is not about age, it is about attitude.

RISE TO THE CHALLENGE
Often the best things come out of really difficult times. That idea you've been considering, that change of direction you've been thinking about - now is the time.
You could now be saying to yourself: "What have I got to lose?"

Friday, 11 February 2011

How to edit PATH?

How to edit PATH?

setting the path is very easy.

if you use a bash shell (as you probably do) just type

$ export PATH=$PATH:/im/appending/this/to/the/path
 
$export ROS_PACKAGE_PATH=$PWD:$ROS_PACKAGE_PATH

if you want to make the change came true everytime (otherwise you will have to type it everytime you open a new shell) there's a hidden file in your home:

~/.bashrc

Edit it with you text editor and append the line above to the file.
This file contains a bunch of command that are always executed everytime you start a shell. So edit it and then restart a shell and you will have all those command executed. If you appended the comand above you will have your path set too.

In this same file you can actually do some other cool stuff, for example you can set some alias.

Alias are very useful!!
I guess you get bored as anybody to have always to write long command like:

$ sudo apt-get install mypackage

you can then define an alias in your .bashrc like this :

alias ai='sudo apt-get install'

so you can istall stuff just typing:

$ ai mypackage

You can also define an other alias like

alias asrc='sudo apt-cache search'

so you can search a, for example, browser package from commanf line just typing:

$ asrc browser

and so on. There are already a few examples in the files that are commented, like

alias ll='ls -al'

which is pretty useful too, faster and better than usual ls. If you like it just take out the # from the baginning of the line to activate it.

Be careful to check if your alias already exists as a command anyway, or you risk to "hide" some useful command.

If you for example redefine cd

alias cd='ls'

everytime you use cd to change directory it will actually list the content of the directory. You probably shoudn't want to do that!

Saturday, 22 January 2011

顺其自然 let it be

地道英语表达“顺其自然”

Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 别自找麻烦了,顺其自然吧。
Some of us like to have our future mapped out, others like to go with the  flow.
有些人喜欢规划未来,有些人喜欢顺其自然。
 It's best to take the world as you find it, then you won't be disappointed.
还是顺其自然最好,这样,你就不会失望了。
Be that as it may, I'll leave it as it is.  无论如何我们也只能听其自然。
Since there is nothing we can do, why notlet nature take its course?
既然我们无能为力,何不顺其自然呢?
Your opposition won't make any difference, just let it be.  
你反对也不能起什么作用,顺其自然吧。
 We will cross the bridge until we come to it.  走一步看一步吧,顺其自然。
 Whatever will be, will be.   万事不必苛求,顺其自然。
The Beatles - Let it Be Lyrics
When I find myself in times of trouble, mother Mary comes to me,
speaking words of wisdom, let it be.
And in my hour of darkness she is standing right in front of me,
speaking words of wisdom, let it be.

Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be.
Whisper words of wisdom, let it be.

And when the broken hearted people living in the world agree,
there will be an answer, let it be.
For though they may be parted there is still a chance that they will see,
there will be an answer. let it be.

Let it be, let it be, .....

And when the night is cloudy, there is still a light, that shines on me,
shine until tomorrow, let it be.
I wake up to the sound of music, mother Mary comes to me,
speaking words of wisdom, let it be.

Let it be, let it be, .....